Zimbabwe

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This article is about the country. For the historical city, see Great Zimbabwe. For other uses, see Zimbabwe (disambiguation).

"ZWE" redirects here. For other uses, see ZWE (disambiguation).

Coordinates: 20°S 30°E

Republic of Zimbabwe
Flag Coat of arms
Motto: "Unity, Freedom, Work"[1]
Anthem:  "Blessed be the land of Zimbabwe"[2] Menu 0:00
Location of  Zimbabwe  (dark blue) in the African Union  (light blue)
Capital and largest city	Harare 17°50′S 31°3′E
Official languages	16 languages[3][show]
Ethnic groups (2012)	99.4% Black African (over 80% Shona; Ndebele are largest minority) 0.2% White African 0.4% others, including Coloured and Indian
Demonym	Zimbabwean Zimbo[4] (colloquial)
Government	Unitary dominant-party presidential republic (de jure) Military dictatorship under a presidential republic (de facto)
• President	Emmerson Mnangagwa
• 1st Vice President	Constantino Chiwenga
• 2nd Vice President	Kembo Mohadi
Legislature	Parliament
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Assembly
Independence from the United Kingdom
• Declared	11 November 1965
• Republic	2 March 1970
• Zimbabwe Rhodesia	1 June 1979
• Republic of Zimbabwe	18 April 1980
• Current constitution	15 May 2013
Area
• Total	390,757 km2 (150,872 sq mi) (60th)
• Water (%)	1
Population
• 2016 estimate	16,150,362[5] (73rd)
• 2012 census	12,973,808[6]
• Density	26/km2 (67.3/sq mi) (170th)
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
• Total	$33.872 billion[7]
• Per capita	$2,276[7]
GDP (nominal)	2017 estimate
• Total	$17.105 billion[7]
• Per capita	$1,149[7]
Gini (1995)	50.1[8] high
HDI (2015)	0.516[9] low · 154th
Currency	United States dollar (official for government), South African rand, and many other currenciesa, e.g. Botswana pula, euro, Chinese renminbi, Indian rupees, pound sterling, Australian dollars. Zimbabwean bond coins are used as a proxy for US dollar and cent coins. Zimbabwean bond notes for 2 and 5 dollars were introduced in 2016 at par value of the US dollar
Time zone	CAT[10] (UTC+2)
Drives on the	left
Calling code	+263
ISO 3166 code	ZW
Internet TLD	.zw
The Zimbabwean dollar is no longer in active use after it was officially suspended by the government due to hyperinflation. The United States dollar (US$), Euro (€), South African rand (R), Botswana pula (P), Pound sterling (£), Indian rupees (₹), Australian dollars (A$), Chinese Renminbi (元/¥), and Japanese yen (¥)[11] are legal tender.[12] The United States dollar has been adopted as the official currency for all government transactions.

Zimbabwe (/zɪmˈbɑːbweɪ/), officially the Republic of Zimbabwe,^[13] is a landlocked country located in southern Africa, between the Zambezi and Limpopo Rivers, bordered by South Africa, Botswana, Zambia and Mozambique. The capital and largest city is Harare. A country of roughly 16 million^[5] people, Zimbabwe has 16 official languages,^[3] with English, Shona, and Ndebele the most commonly used.
Since the 11th century, present-day Zimbabwe has been the site of several organised states and kingdoms as well as a major route for migration and trade. The British South Africa Company of Cecil Rhodes first demarcated the present territory during the 1890s; it became the self-governing British colony of Southern Rhodesia in 1923. In 1965, the conservative white minority government unilaterally declared independence as Rhodesia. The state endured international isolation and a 15-year guerrilla war with black nationalist forces; this culminated in a peace agreement that established universal enfranchisement and de jure sovereignty as Zimbabwe in April 1980. Zimbabwe then joined the Commonwealth of Nations, which it withdrew from in December 2003. It is a member of the United Nations, the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union (AU), and the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA). It was once known as the "Jewel of Africa" for its prosperity.^[14][15][16]
Robert Mugabe became Prime Minister of Zimbabwe in 1980, when his ZANU-PF party won the elections following the end of white minority rule; he was the President of Zimbabwe from 1987 until his resignation in 2017. Under Mugabe's authoritarian regime, the state security apparatus dominated the country and was responsible for widespread human rights violations.^[17] Mugabe maintained the revolutionary socialist rhetoric of the Cold War era, blaming Zimbabwe's economic woes on conspiring Western capitalist countries.^[18] Contemporary African political leaders were reluctant to criticise Mugabe, who was burnished by his anti-imperialist credentials, though Archbishop Desmond Tutu called him "a cartoon figure of an archetypal African dictator".^[19] The country has been in economic decline since the 1990s, experiencing several crashes and hyperinflation along the way.^[20]
On 15 November 2017, in the wake of over a year of protests against his government as well as Zimbabwe's rapidly declining economy, Mugabe was placed under house arrest by the country's national army in a coup d'état.^[21][22] On 19 November 2017, ZANU-PF sacked Robert Mugabe as party leader and appointed former Vice President Emmerson Mnangagwa in his place.^[23] On 21 November 2017, Mugabe tendered his resignation prior to impeachment proceedings being completed

History of Zimbabwe

 History of Zimbabwe

Pre-colonial era (1000–1887)

Further information: Bantu expansion

Towers of Great Zimbabwe.

Proto-Shona-speaking societies first emerged in the middle Limpopo valley in the 9th century before moving on to the Zimbabwean highlands. The Zimbabwean plateau eventually became the centre of subsequent Shona states, beginning around the 10th century. Around the early 10th century, trade developed with Arab merchants on the Indian Ocean coast, helping to develop the Kingdom of Mapungubwe in the 11th century. This was the precursor to the more impressive Shona civilisations that would dominate the region during the 13th to 15th centuries, evidenced by ruins at Great Zimbabwe, near Masvingo, and other smaller sites. The main archaeological site uses a unique dry stone architecture.
The Kingdom of Mapungubwe was the first in a series of sophisticated trade states developed in Zimbabwe by the time of the first European explorers from Portugal. They traded in gold, ivory, and copper for cloth and glass.^[32]
From about 1300 until 1600, Mapungubwe was eclipsed by the Kingdom of Zimbabwe. This Shona state further refined and expanded upon Mapungubwe's stone architecture, which survives to this day at the ruins of the kingdom's capital of Great Zimbabwe. From c. 1450 to 1760, Zimbabwe gave way to the Kingdom of Mutapa. This Shona state ruled much of the area that is known as Zimbabwe today, and parts of central Mozambique. It is known by many names including the Mutapa Empire, also known as Mwene Mutapa or Monomotapa as well as "Munhumutapa", and was renowned for its strategic trade routes with the Arabs and Portugal. The Portuguese sought to monopolise this influence and began a series of wars which left the empire in near collapse in the early 17th century.^[32]
As a direct response to increased European presence in the interior, and especially due to the increasing amount of Carnegie family farmers, a new Shona state emerged, known as the Rozwi Empire. Relying on centuries of military, political and religious development, the Rozwi (meaning "destroyers") expelled the Portuguese from the Zimbabwean plateau by force of arms. They continued the stone building traditions of the Zimbabwe and Mapungubwe kingdoms while adding muskets to their arsenal and recruiting a professional army to defend recent conquests.^{[citation needed]}
Around 1821, the Zulu general Mzilikazi of the Khumalo clan successfully rebelled against King Shaka and created his own clan, the Ndebele. The Ndebele fought their way northwards into the Transvaal, leaving a trail of destruction in their wake and beginning an era of widespread devastation known as the Mfecane. When Dutch trekboers converged on the Transvaal in 1836, they drove the tribe even further northward. By 1838, the Rozwi Empire, along with the other smaller Shona states were conquered by the Ndebele and reduced to vassaldom.^[33]
After losing their remaining South African lands in 1840, Mzilikazi and his tribe permanently settled in the southwest of present-day Zimbabwe in what became known as Matabeleland, establishing Bulawayo as their capital. Mzilikazi then organised his society into a military system with regimental kraals, similar to those of Shaka, which was stable enough to repel further Boer incursions. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and, following a violent power struggle, was succeeded by his son, Lobengula.

Colonial era and Rhodesia (1888–1964)

Main articles: Company rule in Rhodesia, Southern Rhodesia, and Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland

This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2016)

Matabeleland in the 19th century.

In the 1880s, white colonists arrived with Cecil Rhodes's British South Africa Company (BSAC).^[34] In 1888, Rhodes obtained a concession for mining rights from King Lobengula of the Ndebele peoples.^[35] He presented this concession to persuade the government of the United Kingdom to grant a royal charter to the company over Matabeleland, and its subject states such as Mashonaland as well.^[36]
Rhodes used this document in 1890 to justify sending the Pioneer Column, a group of Europeans protected by well-armed British South Africa Police (BSAP) through Matabeleland and into Shona territory to establish Fort Salisbury (now Harare), and thereby establish company rule over the area. In 1893 and 1894, with the help of their new Maxim guns, the BSAP would go on to defeat the Ndebele in the First Matabele War. Rhodes additionally sought permission to negotiate similar concessions covering all territory between the Limpopo River and Lake Tanganyika, then known as "Zambesia".^[36]
In accordance with the terms of aforementioned concessions and treaties,^[36] mass settlement was encouraged, with the British maintaining control over labour as well as precious metals and other mineral resources.^[37]
In 1895, the BSAC adopted the name "Rhodesia" for the territory, in honour of Rhodes. In 1898 "Southern Rhodesia" became the official name for the region south of the Zambezi,^[38][39] which later became Zimbabwe. The region to the north was administered separately and later termed Northern Rhodesia (now Zambia). Shortly after Rhodes' disastrous Jameson Raid on the South African Republic, the Ndebele rebelled against white rule, led by their charismatic religious leader, Mlimo. The Second Matabele War lasted in Matabeleland until 1896, when Mlimo was assassinated. Shona agitators staged unsuccessful revolts (known as Chimurenga) against company rule during 1896 and 1897.^{[citation needed]}
Following these failed insurrections, the Ndebele and Shona groups were finally subdued by the Rhodes administration, which organised the land with a disproportionate bias favouring Europeans, thus displacing many indigenous peoples.^{[citation needed]}

The opening of the railway to Umtali in 1899.

Southern Rhodesia was annexed by the United Kingdom on 12 September 1923.^{[40][41][42][43]} Shortly after annexation, on 1 October 1923, the first constitution for the new Colony of Southern Rhodesia came into force.^[42][44]
Under the new constitution, Southern Rhodesia became a self-governing British colony, subsequent to a 1922 referendum. Rhodesians of all races served on behalf of the United Kingdom during the two World Wars. Proportional to the white population, Southern Rhodesia contributed more per capita to both the First and Second World Wars than any other part of the Empire, including Britain itself.^[45]
In 1953, in the face of African opposition,^[46] Britain consolidated the two Rhodesias with Nyasaland (Malawi) in the ill-fated Central African Federation, which was essentially dominated by Southern Rhodesia. Growing African nationalism and general dissent, particularly in Nyasaland, persuaded Britain to dissolve the Union in 1963, forming three separate divisions. While multiracial democracy was finally introduced to Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland, however, Southern Rhodesians of European ancestry continued to enjoy minority rule.^{[citation needed]}
With Zambian independence, Ian Smith's Rhodesian Front (RF) dropped the designation "Southern" in 1964 and issued a Unilateral Declaration of Independence (commonly abbreviated to "UDI") from the United Kingdom on 11 November 1965, intent on effectively repudiating the recently adopted British policy of "no independence before majority rule". It was the first such course taken by a British colony since the American declaration of 1776, which Smith and others indeed claimed provided a suitable precedent to their own actions

Moskow

Artikel ini adalah tentang ibu kota Rusia. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Moskow (disambiguasi) .

Moskow Mосква (Rusia)
- Kota Federal -
Searah jarum jam dari kiri atas: Cathedral of Christ the Juruselamat ; Menara Spasskaya Moskow Kremlin ; MIBC ; Red Square , Katedral Saint Basil ; Teater Bolshoi ; dan Universitas Negeri Moskow .
Bendera Lambang tangan
Anthem: Moskow saya
Koordinat: 55 ° 45′N 37 ° 37′E Koordinat : 55 ° 45′N 37 ° 37′E
Status politik
Negara	Rusia
Distrik Federal	Tengah [1]
Wilayah ekonomi	Tengah [2]
Mapan	Sebelum 1147 [3]
Hari kota federal	Akhir pekan kedua bulan September [4]
Pemerintah (per Juli 2014)
• Walikota [5]	Sergey Sobyanin ( UR ) [5]
• Legislatif	City Duma [6]
Statistik
Area [7]
• Total	2,511 km 2 (970 sq mi)
Peringkat daerah	Ke 83
Zona waktu (s)	MSK ( UTC + 03: 00 ) [8]
ISO 3166-2	RU-MOW
Plat nomor	77, 177, 777; 97, 197, 797; 99, 199, 799
Bahasa resmi	Rusia [9]
Situs web resmi

Moskow ( / ˈ m ɒ s k oʊ , - k aʊ / ; bahasa Rusia : Москва́ , tr. Moskva , IPA: [mɐˈskva] ( listen ) ) adalah ibu kota dan kota terpadat di Rusia , dengan 12,2 juta penduduk dalam batas kota ^[10] dan 17,1 juta di dalam wilayah perkotaan . ^[11] Moskow diakui sebagai kota federal Rusia .
Moskow adalah pusat politik, ekonomi, budaya, dan ilmiah utama Rusia dan Eropa Timur , serta kota terbesar di benua Eropa . Dengan definisi yang lebih luas, Moskow adalah salah satu kota terbesar di dunia , menjadi wilayah metro terbesar ke - 14 , aglomerasi terbesar ke - 18 , kawasan perkotaan terbesar ke - 14 , dan terbesar ke - 11 menurut populasi di dalam batas kota di seluruh dunia. Menurut Forbes 2013 , ^[12] Moskow telah digolongkan sebagai kota termahal kesembilan di dunia oleh Mercer dan memiliki salah satu ekonomi perkotaan terbesar di dunia , yang digolongkan sebagai kota global alfa menurut Globalisasi dan World Cities Research Network , dan juga salah satu tujuan wisata yang paling cepat berkembang di dunia sesuai dengan Indeks Kota Tujuan MasterCard Global .
Moskow adalah megacity dan metropolis paling utara dan terdingin di Bumi . Ini adalah rumah bagi Menara Ostankino , struktur berdiri bebas tertinggi di Eropa ; Menara Federasi , gedung pencakar langit tertinggi di Eropa; dan Pusat Bisnis Internasional Moskow . Dengan ekspansi teritorial pada 1 Juli 2012 barat daya ke Oblast Moskow , wilayah ibukota lebih dari dua kali lipat, pergi dari 1.091 ke 2.511 kilometer persegi (421 hingga 970 sq mi), dan itu memperoleh populasi tambahan 233.000 orang. ^{[13] [14]}
Moskow terletak di Sungai Moskva di Distrik Federal Tengah Rusia Eropa , menjadikannya kota pedalaman paling padat di Eropa. Kota ini terkenal karena arsitekturnya, terutama bangunan bersejarahnya seperti Katedral Saint Basil dengan kubahnya yang berwarna cerah. Dengan lebih dari 40 persen wilayahnya ditutupi oleh tanaman hijau, ini adalah salah satu ibu kota paling hijau dan kota-kota besar di Eropa dan dunia, memiliki hutan terbesar di daerah perkotaan dalam perbatasannya — lebih dari kota besar lainnya — bahkan sebelum perluasannya. pada tahun 2012. Kota ini telah berfungsi sebagai ibu kota perkembangan negara-negara, dari Dukun Agung di Moskow dan Tsardom Rusia ke Kekaisaran Rusia ke Uni Soviet dan Federasi Rusia kontemporer.
Moskow adalah pusat kekuasaan Pemerintah Rusia , yang menjadi lokasi Kremlin Moskow , benteng kota abad pertengahan yang kini menjadi tempat tinggal karya Presiden Rusia . Kremlin Moskow dan Lapangan Merah juga merupakan salah satu dari beberapa Situs Warisan Dunia di kota ini. Kedua kamar parlemen Rusia ( Duma Negara dan Dewan Federasi ) juga duduk di kota. Moskow dianggap sebagai pusat kebudayaan Rusia, setelah menjadi rumah bagi seniman, ilmuwan, dan tokoh olahraga Rusia dan karena kehadiran museum, lembaga dan teater akademis dan politik.
Kota ini dilayani oleh jaringan transit, yang meliputi empat bandara internasional, ^[15] sembilan terminal kereta api, banyak trem, sistem monorail dan salah satu sistem transit cepat bawah tanah terdalam di dunia, Metro Moskow , yang terbesar keempat di dunia dan terbesar di luar Asia dalam hal jumlah penumpang, dan yang tersibuk di Eropa. Ini diakui sebagai salah satu landmark kota karena arsitektur yang kaya dari 200 stasiunnya. ^{[ butuh rujukan ]}
Moskow telah memperoleh sejumlah julukan , sebagian besar mengacu pada ukuran dan status unggul dalam bangsa: Roma Ketiga ( Третий Рим ), The Whitestone One ( Белокаменная ), The First Throne ( Первопрестольная ), The Forty Forties ( Сорок Сороков ) ( The Forty Soroks, "sorok" diterjemahkan sebagai empat puluh, tetapi di sini adalah nama lama dari kabupaten atau paroki, dan "empat puluh" dalam bahasa Rusia kuno berarti bukan 40, tetapi "banyak sekali"). Moskow adalah salah satu dari dua belas Kota Pahlawan . Dalam bahasa Rusia kuno, kata " Сорок " ( empat puluh ) juga berarti distrik administratif gereja, yang terdiri dari sekitar empat puluh gereja. The demonym untuk penduduk Moskow adalah " москвич " ( moskvich ) untuk laki-laki atau " москвич ка" ( moskvichka ) untuk perempuan, diberikan dalam bahasa Inggris sebagai Moskow .

Isi

• 1 Etimologi
• 2 Sejarah
  • 2.1 Prasejarah
  • 2.2 Sejarah awal (1147–1283)
  • 2.3 Grand Duchy (1283–1547)
  • 2,4 Tsardom (1547–1721)
  • 2.5 Empire (1721–1917)
  • 2,6 era Soviet (1917-1991)
  • 2.7 Sejarah terbaru (1991 – sekarang)
• 3 Geografi
  • 3.1 Lokasi
  • 3.2 Waktu
  • 3.3 Iklim
    • 3.3.1 Perubahan iklim
• 4 Demografi
  • 4.1 Populasi
  • 4.2 Agama
    • 4.2.1 Statistik agama
• 5 Cityscape
  • 5.1 Arsitektur
  • 5.2 Taman dan bangunan terkenal
  • 5.3 Moskow berdering
  • 5.4 Cincin transportasi di Moskow
• 6 Kehidupan dan budaya
  • 6.1 Ikhtisar
• 7 Olahraga
  • 7.1 klub sepakbola
• 8 Hiburan
• 9 Politik
  • 9.1 Eksekutif
  • 9,2 Duma Kota Moskow
  • 9.3 Pembagian administratif
• 10 Ekonomi
  • 10.1 Ikhtisar
  • 10.2 Industri
  • 10.3 Biaya hidup
• 11 Sains dan pendidikan
• 12 Transportasi
  • 12.1 Air
  • 12.2 Air
  • 12.3 Kereta Api
  • 12.4 Metro
  • 12,5 Moscow Central Circle
  • 12.6 Bus dan bus listrik
  • 12,7 Monorail
  • 12.8 Trem
  • 12.9 Taksi
  • 12.10 Jalan
• 13 Perkembangan masa depan
• 14 Media
  • 14,1 Surat Kabar
  • 14,2 TV dan radio
• 15 orang Terkenal
  • 15,1 Lahir di Moskow
• 16 Hubungan internasional
  • 16.1 Kota kembar dan kota kembar
  • 16.2 Perjanjian kerja sama
  • 16.3 Bekas kota kembar dan kota kembar
• 17 Peringkat
• 18 Lihat juga
• 19 Referensi
  • 19.1 Catatan
• 20 tautan Eksternal

Etimologi

Nama kota ini diduga berasal dari nama Sungai Moskva . ^{[16] [17]} Suku Finno-Ugric Merya dan Muroma , yang semula mendiami daerah itu, yang disebut sungai Mustajoki . Ia telah mengemukakan bahwa nama kota itu berasal dari istilah ini. ^[18] Namun, telah diusulkan beberapa teori tentang asal-usul nama sungai. Yang paling linguistik beralasan dan diterima secara luas adalah dari akar Proto-Balto-Slavic * mŭzg - / muzg - dari Proto-Indo-Eropa * meu - "basah", ^{[17] [19] [20]} jadi nama Moskva mungkin menandakan sebuah sungai di lahan basah atau rawa. ^[16] Kata sandinya termasuk bahasa Rusia : музга , muzga "kolam, genangan air", Lithuania : mazgoti dan Latvia : mazgāt "untuk mencuci", bahasa Sansekerta : majjati "untuk menenggelamkan", bahasa Latin : mergo "untuk mencelupkan, membenamkan". ^{[16] [19]} Ada juga nama-nama tempat yang mirip di Polandia seperti Mozgawa . ^{[16] [17] [19]}
Bentuk asli Old Russian dari nama tersebut direkonstruksi sebagai * Москы , * Mosky , ^{[16] [17]} karena itu adalah salah satu dari beberapa nomina Slavic ū -stem . Seperti kata benda lain dari kemerosotan itu, ia telah mengalami transformasi morfologi pada tahap awal perkembangan bahasa, sebagai akibatnya tulisan pertama yang disebutkan pada abad ke-12 adalah Московь , Moskovĭ ( accusative case ), Москви , Moskvi ( kasus locative ), Москвe / Москвѣ , Moskve / Moskvě ( kasus genitive ). ^{[16] [17]} Dari bentuk-bentuk terakhir muncul nama Rusia modern Москва , Moskva , yang merupakan hasil dari generalisasi morfologis dengan sejumlah nomina Slavic ā -stem .
Namun, bentuk Moskovĭ telah meninggalkan beberapa jejak dalam banyak bahasa lain, seperti bahasa Inggris: Moskow , Spanyol : Moscú , Jerman : Moskau , Perancis : Moscou , Latvia : Maskava , Ottoman Turki : Moskov , Tatar : Мәскәү , Mäskäw , Kazakh : Мәску , Mäskew , Chuvash : Мускав , Muskav , dll. Dengan cara yang sama nama Latin Moscovia telah dibentuk, kemudian menjadi nama sehari-hari bagi Rusia yang digunakan di Eropa Barat pada abad 16-17. Dari itu juga datang bahasa Inggris Muscovy dan muskovit .
Berbagai teori lain (dari Celtic , Iran , Kaukasic ), memiliki sedikit atau tidak ada landasan ilmiah, sekarang sebagian besar ditolak oleh ahli bahasa kontemporer.